Endometriosis

Causes

• Retrograde menstruation - In retrograde menstruation, menstrual blood containing endometrial cells flows back through the fallopian tubes and into the pelvic cavity instead of out of the body. These endometrial cells stick to the pelvic walls and surfaces of pelvic organs, where they grow and continue to thicken and bleed over the course of each menstrual cycle.
• Transformation of peritoneal cells - In what's known as the "induction theory," experts propose that hormones or immune factors promote transformation of peritoneal cells — cells that line the inner side of your abdomen — into endometrial-like cells.
• Embryonic cell transformation - Hormones such as estrogen may transform embryonic cells — cells in the earliest stages of development — into endometrial-like cell implants during puberty.
• Surgical scar implantation - After a surgery, such as a hysterectomy or C-section, endometrial cells may attach to a surgical incision.
• Endometrial cell transport - The blood vessels or tissue fluid (lymphatic) system may transport endometrial cells to other parts of the body.
• Immune system disorder - A problem with the immune system may make the body unable to recognize and destroy endometrial-like tissue that's growing outside the uterus.
• Genetic factors - Endometriosis can run in families, suggesting a genetic component to the condition.
• Environmental factors - Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as dioxin, may affect the body's immune system and hormonal regulation, potentially contributing to endometriosis.
• Complications from prior uterine infections - Some research suggests that endometriosis could be linked to complications from prior uterine infections.
• Autoimmune disorders - Some women with endometriosis also have other autoimmune disorders, suggesting a possible link between endometriosis and immune system dysfunction.

Signs and Symptoms

• Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) - Pelvic pain and cramping may begin before and extend several days into a menstrual period. You may also have lower back and abdominal pain.
• Pain with intercourse - Pain during or after sex is common with endometriosis.
• Pain with bowel movements or urination - You're most likely to experience these symptoms during a menstrual period.
• Excessive bleeding - You may experience occasional heavy menstrual periods or bleeding between periods (intermenstrual bleeding).
• Infertility - Sometimes, endometriosis is first diagnosed in those seeking treatment for infertility.
• Other signs and symptoms - You may experience fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating or nausea, especially during menstrual periods.
• Chronic pelvic pain - Pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis that lasts for six months or more.
• Painful ovulation - Some women experience pain during ovulation, which occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle.
• Pain during physical activities - Activities that put pressure on the pelvis, such as exercise or sitting for long periods, may cause discomfort.
• Digestive issues - Symptoms like diarrhea, constipation, bloating, or nausea that worsen during menstrual periods.

Diagnosis

Treatment Options

Home Remedies

Preventive Care

• Regular gynecological check-ups to monitor symptoms and adjust treatment as needed.
• Taking hormonal birth control as prescribed to manage symptoms.
• Maintaining a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Regular exercise to help maintain a healthy weight and reduce estrogen levels.
• Avoiding excessive alcohol and caffeine, which can worsen symptoms.
• Managing stress through relaxation techniques, counseling, or support groups.
• Getting adequate sleep to help the body heal and manage pain.
• Avoiding environmental toxins that may mimic estrogen, such as certain plastics and pesticides.
• Consider pregnancy and breastfeeding if family planning aligns with your goals, as they may temporarily relieve symptoms.
• Discussing with your doctor about long-term management strategies, as endometriosis is a chronic condition.

Surgical Options