Jaundice
Jaundice is a condition characterized by yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eyes due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced when red blood cells break down. Jaundice itself is not a disease but a sign of an underlying condition affecting the liver, bile ducts, or red blood cells. At Blume Health, our gastroenterology team offers comprehensive diagnosis and treatment for jaundice and its underlying causes.
Causes
- Pre-hepatic causes (increased production of bilirubin): Hemolytic anemias, Gilbert's syndrome
- Hepatic causes (liver dysfunction): Viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, cirrhosis
- Post-hepatic causes (obstruction): Gallstones, pancreatic cancer, bile duct cancer, pancreatitis
- Certain medications and their side effects
- Autoimmune conditions affecting the liver
- Genetic disorders like Wilson's disease or hereditary hemochromatosis
- Pregnancy-related liver conditions
- Parasitic infections such as malaria
Signs and Symptoms
- Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes
- Dark or amber-colored urine
- Pale or clay-colored stools
- Itching (pruritus)
- Abdominal pain or tenderness
- Swelling in the abdomen (ascites)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fever and chills (in case of infection)
- Fatigue and weakness
- Weight loss
- Mental confusion or drowsiness (in severe cases)
- Easy bruising or bleeding (in liver disease)
Diagnosis
Blood Tests
Liver function tests to measure bilirubin levels and enzyme activities; complete blood count to check for anemia or infection; tests for viral hepatitis markers.
Imaging Studies
Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI of the abdomen to examine the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas for abnormalities or blockages.
ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography)
A procedure that combines endoscopy and X-ray to examine the bile ducts and pancreatic duct, and potentially remove gallstones or place stents.
MRCP (Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography)
A specialized MRI technique that produces detailed images of the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreatic duct without the need for invasive procedures.
Liver Biopsy
A procedure where a small sample of liver tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to determine the cause of liver disease.
Treatment Options
Treatment of Underlying Cause
The primary approach is to identify and treat the condition causing jaundice, whether it's an infection, blockage, or liver disease.
Medications
Depending on the cause, treatments may include antiviral medications for hepatitis, antibiotics for infections, or medications to improve liver function.
Endoscopic or Surgical Procedures
Procedures to remove blockages in the bile ducts, such as gallstones, or to place stents to keep ducts open may be necessary.
Supportive Care
Managing symptoms like itching, nutritional support, and monitoring for complications while the body heals.
Home Remedies
Rest and Hydration
Adequate rest and staying well-hydrated help the body recover and process bilirubin more efficiently.
Balanced Diet
Eating a diet that's easy on the liver, low in fat, and high in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins can support liver function.
Avoid Alcohol and Certain Medications
Avoiding alcohol and certain medications that can stress the liver is essential during recovery from jaundice.
Manage Itching
Cool baths, moisturizers, and wearing loose cotton clothing can help reduce the itching associated with jaundice.
Preventive Care
- Vaccinations against hepatitis A and B
- Practicing safe sex and avoiding shared needles to prevent hepatitis B and C
- Moderate alcohol consumption or abstinence
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Regular exercise
- Balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
- Avoiding potentially hepatotoxic medications or supplements
- Regular health check-ups, especially if at risk for liver disease
- Proper food and water hygiene, especially when traveling
- Managing chronic conditions like diabetes that can affect liver health
Surgical Options
Cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of the gallbladder, typically performed when gallstones are causing blockage and jaundice.
Biliary Bypass
A surgical procedure that creates an alternative pathway for bile to flow from the liver to the intestine when there is a blockage in the bile ducts.
Liver Transplantation
In cases of severe liver disease or failure, transplantation may be considered as a last resort treatment option.
Schedule a Consultation
If you're experiencing symptoms of jaundice, our expert team is here to help you find the right treatment approach for your specific needs.